Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. 1998). However, exposure to high temperatures leads burning of plastic produces toxic gases into the environment and poses health hazards by causing lung diseases and cancer after inhalation (Pramila and Vijaya Ramesh 2011). 2001). Recently, a special focus has been given to the endophytic microorganisms that live inside the plant tissue without causing any immediate, overt effects (Hirsch and Braun 1992 ). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. In this regard, some insects, bacteria and fungi have been shown to ingest these polymers and convert them into environmentally friendly carbon compounds. 2007) as PUR degraders. The biodegradation of plastics by bacteria and fungi proceeds differently under different soil conditions according to their properties. Aspergillus nigerwas also identified for its quite slow growth with visible signs of deterioration occurring only after 30days (Russell 2011). Your email address will not be published. Polyvinylchloride is a strong polymer, composed of repeating chloroethyl units (Fischer et al. Recent studies identifiedCandida ethanolica(Zafar et al. CAS Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 105:2129, Snchez C (2009) Lignocellulosic residues: biodegradation and bioconversion by fungi. November 2015),Coriolus versicolor,(Kord et al. Researchers can access related articles from current and back volumes by purchasing access to these collections. Biodegradation, i. e. degradation of organic chemicals into simple compounds by living organism such as Microbes and fungi is one of the effective and emerging solutions to plastic problem. Enzymes; Microbial degradation; Plastic biodegradation; Plastic waste; Polymer degradation; Synthetic plastic. The enormous rise in the production of plastics causes a, In this work, a novel one-pot synthesis of polymeric hydrogels (HGs) based on isocyanate click chemistry is proposed and evaluated. Part of isolated from plastic dumped soils and their ability to degrade low molecular weight PVC. Lipase and esterase also degrade polycaprolactone polymers (Ganesh et al. These fungi were then put to the test against two different types of plastics: polyethylene and polyurethane. 2019). The degradation of the synthetic plastic mediated by the microbes is known as biodegradation 15, 45, 46. According to Russell et al. Would you like email updates of new search results? Abstract: Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, Streptomyces, P. ostreatus and T. pubescensproduce laccase that degrades polyethylene (Osma et al. MDPI Microorganisms 7:304, Bonhomme S, Cuer A, Delort A, Lemaire J, Sancelme M, Scott G (2003) Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. 133161. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Biodegradation of buried crude oil in soil microcosm by fungal co-culture. D H Y Yanto 1 and A Hidayat 2. fungi, encountered under specific conditions in composts. 2007). Gloeophyllum striatum DSM 9592andGloeophyllum trabeum DSM 1398strains causing almost 50% reduction in molecular weight of polystyrene. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-018-0621-4, Webb JS, Nixon M, Eastwood IM, Greenhalgh M, Robson GD, Handley PS (2000) Fungal colonization and biodeterioration of plasticized polyvinyl chloride. Polym Degrad Stab 81:441452, Brunner I, Fischer M, Rthi J, Stierli B, Frey B (2018) Ability of fungi isolated from plastic debris floating in the shoreline of a lake to degrade plastics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103:42534268. The level of biodegradation of LDPE sheets with bacterial and fungal inoculums from different sampling points of Dandora dumpsite was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The different factors that https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00532-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00532-4. . Can J Microbiol 65:111. Insight is provided into the mechanism and general pathway of fungal-mediated microplastic degradation, and analytical techniques for the monitoring of MPs degradation along with the roadblocks and future perspectives have been discussed. (Hock et al. This enzymatic complex is produced mainly by wood-degrading fungi, such as basidiomycetes (Snchez 2009). Biodegradation involves biodeterioration, fragmentation, assimilation and mineralisation. NG007 degraded 15.7%, 19.4%, and 74.4% styrofoam within 30 d, respectively. 2009). Cladosporium pseudo cladosporioides, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Cladosporium asperulatum, Cladosporium montecillanum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenumwere also reported for degrading PUR (lvarez-Barragn et al. 2021). The potentiality of fungi in biodegradation is known as mycoremediation. Plastics are resilient, non-reactive and most importantly, non-biodegradable. A number of microorganisms have the ability to degrade, Plastic polymers are petroleum-derived synthetic materials that have multiple uses in everyday life, but their excessive production has led to the accumulation of approximately 1,000 million tons of, International journal of molecular sciences. Appl Environ Microbiol 85:114, Article Genetic engineering could be a preferred strategy to enhance the ability of fungi in biodegradation of plastic polymers. Enzyme Res 2010:918761. https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/918761, Oviedo-Anchundia R, del Castillo DS, Naranjo-Moran J, Francois N, Alvarez-Barreto J, Alarcon A, Villafuerte JS, Barcos-Arias M (2021) Analysis of the degradation of polyethylene, polystyrene and polyurethane mediated by three filamentous fungi isolated from the Antarctica. Compared with other degradations, the biodegradation method is mostly preferred due to its pollution-free mechanism and eco-friendly process. sp(Raaman et al. In this context, bioplastics are categorized into three classes: 4.2.1. California Privacy Statement, Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Plastics have largely supplanted natural materials such as paper, wood, and metal due to its cost effectiveness, high flexibility, durability, non-degradability, and fire resistance. Synthetic plastics like polyethylene (PE) are non-biodegradable and take 1000 years to completely degrade in natural conditions. Plastic is a naturally refractory polymer that has the tendency to linger in the environment formany years after it is released. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 2(2):5258, Mathur G, Prasad R (2012) Degradation of polyurethane by Aspergillus flavus (ITCC 6051) isolated from soil. Even more damaging is their impact on the aquatic ecosystems as they cause entanglement, ingestion and intestinal blockage in aquatic animals. J Chem Pharm Res 5(3):7881. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Degradation of polycarbonates is typical in-process due to its rigid structure and usually takes years. This system is mediated by the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), Phase I enzyme epoxidase and, Phase II enzyme transferases which involve oxidation and conjugation reactions. This demonstrates that some fungal species have a specialized effect against plastic debris biodegradation. ecological importance of fungi participating in the thermophilic biodegradation of polyesters is not well understood. The formation of mushrooms from the plastic as a substrate is a very new approach to control plastic pollution, and the productivity of mushrooms can be increased by altering the composition of the substrate (Luz et al. A report presented in Journal of basic microbiology suggested that Asia is the worlds highest plastic consumer (35%) with India being the lowest (5%). This paper highlights some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research that concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical myCology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. It is used for protective packaging such as packing food items and jewel cases and used for manufacturing cases for CDs, DVDs,containers, lids, bottles, trays, tumblers, etc. 2 0 obj In: Nunes CS, Kumar V (eds) Enzymes in Human and Animal Nutrition. Pure Appl Chem 52:399407, Halina K, Dagmara O, Przemysaw M, Hanna C (2005) Effect of short wavelength UVirradiation on ageing of polypropylene/cellulose compositions. Polym Adv Technol 15:691700, Liebminger S, Eberl A, Sousa F, Heumann S, Fischer-Colbrie G, Cavaco-Paulo A et al (2007) Hydrolysis of PET and bis-(benzoyloxyethyl) terephthalate with a new polyesterase from Penicillium citrinum. J Photoch Photobio A 163:547556, Article Comamonas acidovoransproduce polyurethane esterase that degrades polyurethane and low and high molecular weight polylactic acid (Bhardwaj et al. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The action of fungi on the surface of plastics can be affected by environmental factors such as moisture, pH, temperature, etc. Among all the mentioned approaches, biodegradation showed the most promising outcomes. The microbes such as bacteria and fungi attach to the plastic film and inert the enzymes and grow on it by utilizing it as substrate and source of nutrition. Folia Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-805419-2.00007-1. 2022 Jun 7;12(6):798. doi: 10.3390/biom12060798. 2009). Penicillium-derived laccase potentially involves in PE breakdown (Abd El-Rehim et al. Ali SS, Elsamahy T, Koutra E, Kornaros M, El-Sheekh M, Abdelkarim EA, Zhu D, Sun J. Sci Total Environ. 2005; Alariqi et al. The. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatusand S22 showed a high capacity for lignin degradation at pH 9.011. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Google Scholar, Eberl A, Heumann S, Brueckner T, Araujo R, Cavaco-Paulo A, Kaufmann F et al (2009) Enzymatic surface hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and bis(benzoyloxyethyl)terephthalate by lipase and cutinase in the presence of surface active molecules. Biodegradable and bio-based bioplastic Lagauskas, Levinskait L, Peiulyt D. Micromycetes as deterioration agents of polymeric materials. <>>> Here's how you know 2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9572-4, Milstein O, Gersonde R, Huttermann A, Chen MJ, Meister JJ (1992) Fungal biodegradation of lignopolystyrene graft copolymers. Epub 2021 Jan 21. 2018). PubMed They are various forms of plastics, i.e., nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, and polyvinyl chloride (Usha et al. Sci Rep 7:39515, Olicn-Hernndez DR, Gonzlez-Lpez J, Aranda E (2017) Overview on the biochemical potential of filamentous fungi to degrade pharmaceutical compounds. 2012). The best solution for decreasing this plastic pollution is using biodegradable plastics. Bookshelf An official website of the United States government. Google Scholar, Butnaru E, Darie-Ni RN, Zaharescu T, Balae T, Tnase C, Hitruc G et al (2016) Gamma irradiation assisted fungal degradation of the polypropylene/biomass composites. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2020),Chaetomium globosum (ATCC 16021)(Vivi et al. In this study, biodegrada J Appl Environ Microbiol 5:819, CAS The PE waste has a negative impact on marine life resulting in the death of millions of animals. Several studies have investigated plastic biodegradation. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal MeSH Biotechnol Lett 29:10811086. 2021 Jun 1;771:144719. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144719. Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. The term "biodegradable" refers to materials that can disintegrate or break down naturally into biogases and biomass (mostly carbon dioxide and water) as a result of being exposed to a microbial environment and humidity [ 16]. PLoS ONE 13(8):114, Bryant JA, Clemente TM, Viviani DA, Fong AA, Thomas KA, Kemp P, Karl DM, White AE, DeLong EF (2016) Diversity and activity of communities inhabiting plastic debris in the North Pacific Gyre. The Indian Cow. 2006; ONeill et al. Additives free Polyethylene degradation was identified inPencillium. Currently, the annual worldwide use of plastic mate- It is also used in manufacturing laboratory-required equipment, such as wash bottles, centrifuge tubes, Eppendorf tubes, tips for pipettes, etc. 2016; Mathur and Prasad 2012). Biodegradation. Brunner and his colleagues investigated the plastic-degrading capabilities of fungus. Plastics are one of the synthetic polymers or man-made polymers [1]. Biodegradation is the property of a material that can be completely converted into water, CO 2, and biomass through the action of microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats. 2016; Olicn-Hernndez et al. several samples such as pond, soil, hay, horse dung, and lichen. Optimization of Polystyrene Biodegradation by. Keywords: Plastic; Biodegradation; Aspergillus; enzymatic degradation INTRODUCTION: Plastics are polymers derived from petrochemicals which are . Biodegradation is a complex process involves steps including biodeterioration, depolymerization and mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 10(9):37223742, Umamaheswari S, Murali M (2013) FTIR spectroscopic study of fungal degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene foam. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 37(34):205213, Wu J, Xiao Y, Yu H (2005) Degradation of lignin in pulp mill wastewaters by white-rot fungi on biofilm. <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 20 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Int J Sci Res Publ 3:15, Pereira EB, De Castro HF, De Moraes FF, Zanin GM (2001) Kinetic studies of lipase from Candida rugosa. Accessibility PVC is similar to the structure of chlorophenol compounds. PLoS ONE 8(8):e69386. 2017). The special ability of these laccases is they oxidize lignin so they involve in degrading lignin (Osma et al. Abd El-Rehim HA, Hegazy El-Sayed A, Ali AM, Rabie AM (2004) Synergistic effect of combining UV-sunlightsoil burial treatment on the biodegradation rate of LDPE/starch blends. J Biomed Mater Res 21:231246, Pramila R, Vijaya Ramesh K (2011) Biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) by fungi isolated from municipal landfill area. 2013). The .gov means its official. Braz J Microbiol 46(2):337346, rejber M, Navrtilov V, Paloncov M, Bazgier V, Berka K, Anzenbacher P, Otyepka M (2018) Membrane-attached mammalian cytochromes P450: an overview of the membranes effects on structure, drug binding, and interactions with redox partners. endobj PVC comes in two forms, i.e., rigid and flexible. 2017). Wiley, Germany, Frazer AC (1994) O-methylation and other transformations of aromatic compounds by acetogenic bacteria. 2013). 2016),Lasiodiplodia theobromae(SanaSheik et al. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:52255235. This class includes lignin peroxidases (LiP), manganese peroxidases (MnP), and versatile peroxidases (VP) which are mostly found in white-rot fungi (Hofrichter and Ullrich 2006). 2014). By oxidation/hydrolysis enzyme improves the hydrophilicity of polymers and consequently degrade the high molecular weight polymer into low molecular weight. government site. This polyurethane is degraded by the following fungi, i.e.,Gliocladium roseum, Aspergillus spp., Emericella spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium pannorum, Nectria gliocladiodes, Penicillium ochrochloron, Aureobasidium pullulans, Rhodotorula aurantiaca, and Kluyvermyces spp(Cosgrove et al. Polypropylene belongs topartially crystalline polyolefins, mostly used polypropylene isisotactic. Biotechnol Adv 27:85194, Schwartz M, Perrot T, Aubert E, Dumaray S, Favier F, Grardin P, Morel-Rouhier M, Mulliert G, Saiag F, Didierjean C, Gelhaye E (2018) Molecular recognition of wood polyphenols by phase II detoxification enzymes of the white rot Trametes versicolor. The enzymes involved in the degradation (e.g., PET hydrolase and tannase, MHETase) are typical serine hydrolases, such as cutinases, lipases, and carboxylesterases (Wei et al. Microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi are used for treating waste water of several industries [ 56 - 70 ]. PP is used in manufacturing rugs, mats, carpets, ropes, and chairs. Biodegradation of plastic polymers has been one of the current focussed areas of research on solving plastic pollution. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, andTrametes versicolorshowed effectivedegradation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene, where MnP/Manganese peroxidases is the key enzyme in polyethylene degradation (Iiyoshi et al. Wiley, pp. Anaerobic degradation occurs in absence of oxygen. CAS https://doi.org/10.1080/10242420701379734, Loredo-Trevio A, Garca G, Velasco-Tllez A, Rodrguez-Herrera R, Aguilar CN (2011) Polyurethane foam as substrate for fungal strains. J Wood Sci 44:222229. Biodegradation is a natural process that breaks down everything from yard waste to crude oil. Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. 2017; Tokiwa et al. Biomolecules. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium graminearumproduce manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and these enzymes induce the biodegradation of PCB (polyethylene carry bag). Volatile fungal metabolites are responsible for various odors and may contribute to a "sick building syndrome" (SBS) with a negative effect on the heath of building. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Google Scholar, Dashtban M, Schraft H, Syed TA (2010) Fungal biodegradation and enzymatic modification of lignin. Biotechnol Lett 28:681685, Alshehrei F (2017) Biodegradation of synthetic and natural plastic by microorganisms. statement and In this review, microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of plastics and some factors that affect their biodegradability are discussed. 1992). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. isolated from polythene polluted sites around Chennai. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tubingensisare assumed that they secrete esterases that are responsible for the degradation of plastics (Khan et al. 2011). pisi. Some fungal species which showed PVC degradation areCochliobolus sp. Polyethylene and polypropylene represent about 92% of the synthetic plastics produced, and they are used for the production of plastic bags, disposable containers, bottles, packaging materials, etc. Biomacromol 11(1):2028, Arutchelvi J, Sudhakar M, Arkatkar AD, Mukesh B, Sumit U, Parasu V (2021) Biodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene. Nevertheless, the distinct properties which make plastic desirable for our daily use also threaten our planet's sustainability. Biodegradation of synthetic plastics is a very slow process that also involves environmental factors and the action of wild Foam biodegradation is carried out by the enzymes associated with some microorganisms like bacteria and fungi (Gautam et al. Biodegradable plastics have the ability to be degraded by microorganisms present in the environment by entering the microbial food chain. Myco-degradation of microplastics: an account of identified pathways and analytical methods for their determination. PubMed Central The difference between biodegradable and compostable is that in the case of compostable plastics, (1) the "degradation" process is activated through human intervention by placing the plastic in a composting setting or infrastructure and (2) the end residue will be classified as compost. Papain and urease are the two proteolytic enzymes that were found to degrade medical polyester polyurethane by hydrolysis of urethane and urea linkages by producing free amine and hydroxyl groups (Phua et al. 2015). Plastics, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. Fe3+ complex involves in the photo-oxidation process as a source of radicals for reaction initiation, the Mn2+ or Co2 is necessary for oxidation without the influence of light, when they catalyze the decomposition of peroxides associated with chain cleavage. Biodegradation of natural and synthetic plastics is carried out by microbes like. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0335, Motta O, Proto A, De Carlo F, De Caro F, Santoro E, Brunetti L, Capunzo M (2009) Utilization of chemically oxidized polystyrene as co-substrate by filamentous fungi. 77(17):60766084, Russell JR (2011) Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi. Some enzymes in fungi help to disintegrate the polymers into simpler components (monomers and dimers). Polypropylene is also referred to as polypropene, a thermoplastic polymer. Even lipase CalB fromCandida antarcticawas also used in the PET degradation process (Carniel et al. This research is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness as part of the national project H2PHARMA, for the biodegradation of hospital wastewater by fungi. Low-density polyethylene is processed by applying high pressure (10005000atm) and high temperature (520 kelvins), whereas high-density polyethylene requires low pressure (67atm) and low temperature (333343K) (Lee et al. It utilizes molecular oxygen as a co-substrate and produces water and by-products (Nunes and Kunamneni 2018). Purpureocillium lilacinumandCurvularia senegalensisare a group of fungi that degradepoly (butylene succinate-co-adipate)and polyurethane(Yamamoto-Tamura et al. These microbeshave a great biotech potential and could aid natural bioremediation processes. Additionally, only a certain type of fungal strain can successfully act against a specific plastic-type. This is despite the fact that a few polyester-degrading thermotolerant or thermophilic fungi have been isolated from soil and compost (Mergaert et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2010_87, Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India, Department of Biotechnology, Pydah Degree College, Affiliated to Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India, Department of Human Genetics, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India, You can also search for this author in 2010). Bjerkandera adusta(Butnaru et al. Fungi use these components as a carbon source, converting PE waste to CO2, water, and methane. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Fungi Cymatoderma dendriticum WM01, Ceriporia sp. Hence, in the light of recent literature, this review emphasises the multifaceted roles played by microorganisms in this process. CAS 2019). Polym Int 48:346352, Kolattukudy PE, Brown L (1975) Fate of naturally occurring epoxy acids: a soluble epoxide hydrase, which catalyzes cis hydration, from Fusarium solani pisi. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Phanerochaete chrysosporiumis fungal species that degrade high molecular weight polyethylene under nitrogen-limited and carbon-limited conditions (Shimao 2001). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. J Microbiol Biotech Res 1(4):131136, Raaman N, Rajitha N, Jayshree A, Jegadeesh R (2012) Biodegradation of plastic by Aspergillus spp. 2018). An enzyme that is similar to cutinase in function, i.e., isolated fromCryptococcussp. Mineralization: In biology, mineralization refers to a process where an inorganic substance precipitates in an organic matrix. Google Scholar, Ronqvist M, Xie W, Lu W, Gross RA (2009) Cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of poly(ethyleneterephthalate). were also identified for their ability to degrade PET and PS foam (Umamaheswari and Murali 2013)Curvularia specieshyphae had adhered to and penetrated the polymers structure (Motta et al. 2016), which have been found as a serious problem of indigestion, gastrointestinal blockages and reproductive problems in marine organisms. This study aimed at isolating and identifying bacteria and fungi with the capacity to degrade low density polyethylene (LDPE). 1991). Compared with PET and PS, polyvinylchloride (PVC) is considered to be a hard plastic for biodegradation. 2006). 9, 42 (2022). Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. 2006). 2008). (Sumathi et al. In this review, we described various fungi involved in the biodegradation of different types of plastic polymers and summarized recent studies on enzymes that are produced by various fungi for the biodegradation of plastics. It was identified that trace amounts of metals such as Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Ni showed increasing the rate of oxidation (Gorghiu et al. The intracellular enzymatic system acts as an internal mechanism for detoxification and plays a major role in fungal adaption (Jeon et al. ONeill A, Arajo R, Casal M, Guebitz G, Cavaco-Paulo A (2007) Effect of the agitation on the adsorption and hydrolytic efficiency of cutinases on polyethylene terephthalate fibres. Bjerkandera adustaTBB-03 was identified for its ability to degrade HDPE under lignocellulose substrate treatment by laccase production (Bo Ram Kang 2019). Sivan A (2011) New perspectives in plastic biodegradation. 1.2 This test method is designed to be applicable to all plastic materials that are not inhibitory to the bacteria present in the activated sludge. Cutinases are produced byFusarium solani(Alisch-Mark et al. In the past few years, many techniques like landfilling, recycling, incineration, biodegradation, and degradation have been used to dispose of polyethylene waste. Pro-oxidant ions are chemical elements that induce oxidative stress by releasing reactive oxygen species or by inhibiting the antioxidant system. 1981; Heredia 2003). 5.2 Soil is an extremely species-rich source of inoculum for evaluation of the biodegradability of plastics in the environment. Google Scholar, Alisch-Mark M, Herrmann A, Zimmermann W (2006) Increase of the hydrophilicity of polyethylene terephthalate fibers by hydrolases from Thermomonospora fusca and Fusarium solani f. sp. AMB Express 4:44, Weiland M, Daro A, David C (1995) Biodegradation of thermally oxidized polyethylene. The studies on plastic degradation are very important for the development of biodegradable plastics, and for reduction of pollution, since plastic waste can remain in the environment for decades or centuries. In this plastic biodegradation, fungi play a pivotal role, it acts on plastics by secreting some degrading enzymes, i.e., cutinase`, lipase, and proteases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and also the presence of some pro-oxidant ions can cause effective degradation. Cochliobolus sp., a specific fungus that is degrading PVC by laccases(Sumathi et al. Cytochrome P450 family are heme-containing mono-oxygenases that are involved in catalyzing various enzymatic reactions (Shin et al. In: Nyanhongo GS, Steiner W, Gbitz G (eds) Biofunctionalization of polymers and their applications. The usage of polythene is increased at a rate of 12% annum and approximately 140 million tonnes of synthetic plastic polymers are produced worldwide annually (Roy et al. TSRSS wrote a part of the manuscript and polished the manuscript along with reviewing. and < 10% with Rhizopus sp.) 3. The increase in plastic demand leads to the overproduction of plastic products around the world. They are in rigid and flexible foam forms, varnishes and coatings, adhesives, electrical compounds, and fibers, such asspandexand polyurethane laminate (Gama et al. In this plastic biodegradation, fungi play a pivotal role, it acts on plastics by secreting some degrading enzymes, i.e., cutinase`, lipase, and proteases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and also. PLoS ONE 8:717720, Fischer I, Schmitt WF, Porth H, Allsopp MW, Vianello G (2014) Poly (vinyl chloride). Microbiol Biotechnol J 26:20762086, John Scheirs, Duane P (2003) Modern styrenic copolymers. The activities ofFusarium solani pisicutinase (FsC) andHumicola insolenscutinase (HiC) were shown to be capable of degrading low crystallinity PET film with 97% weight loss being observed within 96h (Ronqvist et al. 15, Hofrichter M, Ullrich R (2006) Heme-thiolate haloperoxidases: versatile biocatalysts with biotechnological and environmental significance. Macromolecules 42:51285138. Google Scholar, Ganesh P, Dineshraj D, Yoganathan K (2017) Production and screening of depolymerising enzymes by potential bacteria and fungi isolated from plastic waste dump yard sites. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:60766084, SanaSheik KR, Chandrashekar K, Swaroop HM (2015) Somashekarappa, Biodegradation of gamma irradiated low density polyethylene and polypropylene by endophytic fungi. Epub 2022 Oct 13. The purpose of this research was to investigate the. Though many studies identified the degrading abilities in fungi very few shows effective biodegradation. Edible fungi/Edible Mushrooms which are considered macrofungi are fleshy and fruit bodies which is rich in their nutritional benefits. They are / hydrolases or carboxylic ester hydrolases which were observed in plant pathogenic fungi, i.e.,Fusarium solani pisi(Kolattukudy and Brown 1975; Kolattukudy et al. 2012). Polyurethane, on the other hand, was degraded by four strains. Plastic waste accumulation in the environment is a serious concern and poses a threat to the ecosystem. FOIA PubMedGoogle Scholar. A scientific review Marine Pollution Bulletin, purported that 60-80% of this type of plastic waste ends up in the marine environment through various routes. After treating and incubation of 30 days in a shaking incubator, the final weight R2 of 13.4 mg was observed to have a significant weight loss of 4 mg and biodegradation of LDPE up to 22.9%, as shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. BIOM3, and Pestalotiopsis sp. Bioresour. We have showed the degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic bags and green polyethylene by Pleurotus ostreatus. A lipase enzyme extracted from the yeastCryptococcussp, exhibited hydrolysis of polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polybutylene succinate-co-adipate (PBSA) (Thirunavukarasua et al. Springer Nature. In this chapter, the different aspects of fungal biodegradation and its relation to human and plant nutrition have been highlighted. This present review gives current knowledge regarding different species of fungi that are involved in the degradation of plastics by their different enzymatic mechanisms to degrade different forms of plastic polymers. Annually 500 billion to 1 trillion polythene bags are being used daily all over the world. The capability of degrading green polyethylene and oxo-biodegradable (D2W) plastics without prior physical treatment was observed inPleurotus ostreatus. 2003). No biodegradation methods are absolute in the treatment of all textile dyes, which leads to structure-dependent degradation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069386, Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR (2019) Plastics: environmental and bio technological perspectives on microbial degradation. In the present study, biodegradation of synthetic polymers obtained from Plastic bottle waste, has been carried out. The capability of Pleurotus ostreatus to degrade oxo-biodegradable (D2W) plastic without prior physical treatment, such as exposure to UV or thermal heating, is tested and the degradation of the dye found in plastic bags as well as mushroom formation is observed. The results suggested that polyethylene was not degraded by any strain. Some fungi like Aspergillus and Rhizopus have also shown limited efficacy (< 30% in Aspergillus sp. These species include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus flavus, abundantly found in garbage sites and soil. %PDF-1.5 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71(3):276288, Iiyoshi Y, Tsutsumi Y, Nishida T (1998) Polyethylene degradation by lignin-degrading fungi and manganese peroxidase. However, considering their abundance in the environment and their specificity in attacking plastics, biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms and enzymes seems to be the most effective process. Fungi are well known for their superior abilities to produce a well-built variety of ex-tracellular proteins and other organic compounds [27,28]. New plastic-degrading microbes have recently been found thanks to advancements in biotechnology. Biodegradation occurs when microorganisms colonise the surface of the polymer and secrete enzymes that break down the macromolecules (Nayak, 1999). 2018). These elements can be as transition metals, such as Fe, Co (Weiland et al. Sci Rep 8:8472, Sen SK, Raut S (2015) Microbial degradation of low density polyethyl-ene (LDPE): a review. By using this website, you agree to our The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Appl Environ Microbiol 57:678685, Levchik SV, Weil ED (2004) A review on thermal decomposition and combustion of thermoplastic polyesters. Peroxidases are enzymes that fall under the oxidoreductase class which catalyzes oxidationreduction reactions by the action of free radicals on compounds to form oxidized and polymerized compounds. Moreover, some fungi like Aspergillus nomius, Trichoderma viride, Mucor and Penicillium are capable of degrading low-density polyethylene (LPDE). Biocatal Biotransform 25:171177. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:73137324. As high molecular weight is a large compound that cannot be transported across the cellular membrane of the fungi thus it primarily depolymerizes it into small monomers before they cross the cell membrane (Shah et al. stream The materials should not be toxic to the . In particular, the proposed synthetic route allows to easily and, There are a variety of amino acids and polysaccharides contained in Pleurotus eryngii that can improve immunity and prevent cancer in humans. Global plastic use by region. Poylm Polym Composit 29(5): 303310, Bergeret A, Ferry L, Ienny P (2009) Influence of the fibre/matrix interface on ageing mechanisms of glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (PA-6,6, PET, PBT) in a hygrothermal environment. Biodegradation of plastic polymers by fungi: a brief review. AMB Expr 5:10, Zafar U, Houlden A, Robson GD (2013) Fungal communities associated with the biodegradation of polyester polyurethane buried under compost at different temperatures. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies PubMed 2016). 2022 Oct 13;14(20):4299. doi: 10.3390/polym14204299. Degradation of complex polymers into smaller units by microbes with CH2, CO2, H2O, and biomass as their by-products. Plastic polymers with different properties have been developed in the last 150 years to replace materials such as wood, glass and metals across various applications. 2009;52:233242. Esterases are hydrolase enzymes that split esters into alcohols and acids by the addition of water molecules. Bioprocess. Lichen, a fungi and algae symbiosis, was an unexpected sample from which fungal and bacterial PHB degraders were isolated. 1991). 4 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00510-X, Hock OG, Lum HW, De Qin D, Kee WK, Shing WL (2019) The growth and laccase activity ofedible mushroomsinvolved inplastics degradation, Researchgate. 2005). Polym Degrad Stabil 80:3943, Jeon H, Durairaj P, Lee D, Ahsan MM, Yun H (2016) Improved NADPH regeneration for fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase by co-expressing bacterial glucose dehydrogenase in resting-cell biotransformation of recombinant yeast. Eur Polym J 41(14531477):39, Behzad K,Nadir A,Mohammad, Dahmardeh G, Mohammad D (2021) Effect of fungal degradation on technological properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced polypropylene/rice straw composites. In: Lowenstein JM (ed) Methods in enzymology. Degradation of conventional plastic wastes in the environment: A review on current status of knowledge and future perspectives of disposal. Laccases are multi-copper oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds. 2013). https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02536-13.57, Zimmermann W, Billig S (2010) Enzymes for the biofunctionalization of poly (ethylene terephthalate). Cold-Adapted Fungi: Evaluation and Comparison of Their Habitats, Molecular Adaptations and Industrial Applications. Libyan Agric Res Center J Int 2(4):200204, Van Gemeren IA, Beijersbergen A, Van den Hondel CAMJJ, Verrips CT (1998) Expression and secretion of defined cutinase variants byAspergillus awamori. Complex polymer chains of polythene are converted to simple polymer chains by action of fungi (biodegradation). Multiple efforts are being carried out to find and isolate microorganism capable of utilizing synthetic polymers as their carbon source for growth (Khan et . The increase in plastic pollution greatly affects living organisms, biodegradation of plastics by fungi can help to decrease the problem. Not only are fungi naturally occurring and therefore 100% biodegradable, it also has shown biodegradation properties, which means it can help to biodegrade other materials. The current methods for eliminating these wastes (incineration, landfilling, and recycling) come at massive costs, are unsustainable, and put more burden on our environment. Biodegradation of synthetic plastics is a very slow process that also involves environmental factors and the action of wild, bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com, Plastic waste has a negative impact on marine ecosystems and the quantity of this source of anthropogenic pollution continues to increase. Some fungi such asPlectosphaerella, Nectria, Neonectria, Phoma, and Alternariaalso showed their ability for PU biodegradation. Publication types Review MeSH terms Bacteria They discovered over 100 fungus strains from plastic waste collected around Lake Zurichs shores. Pestalotiopsis microspora, utilizing polyurethane as a carbon source with an enzyme serine hydrolase and degrade it within a few days (Russell 2011). In general, this biodegradation of plastics involves the growth of fungi on the surface of plastic, where plastic is consumed as a food source by the fungi under the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature and pH. Epub 2019 Nov 22. In: Coe JM, Rogers DB (eds) Marine debris. The unspecific oxidative system can oxidize a wide range of substrates. Cookies policy. In biodegradation, the process is initiated by micro-organisms, i.e., bacteria and fungi. PubMed Bbaproteins Proteom 1814:2935, da Luz JMR, Paes SA, Nunes MD, da Silva MdCS, Kasuya MCM (2013) Degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic by Pleurotus ostreatus. The growth of many fungi can also cause small-scale swelling and bursting, as the fungi penetrate the polymer solids (Griffin 1980). 2022 Dec;33(6):529-556. doi: 10.1007/s10532-022-10001-6. Google Scholar, Alariqi SAS, Pratheep Kumar A, Rao BSM, Singh RP (2006) Biodegradation of sterilised biomedical polyolefins under composting and fungal culture environments. CYP contains three cofactors (NADPH+, H+, FAD, and Heme) and two enzymes (NADPH: CYP reductase and cytochrome P-450 hydrolase). (Byuntae et al. Biodegradation is another procedure used for these technologies because they are eco-friendly, lead to thorough mineralization of organic and toxic pollutants at low cost and do not produce huge amount of sludge. Environ Res. Springer, New York, NY. Fungi can also produce some surface-active proteins, i.e., hydrophobins to coat hyphae to hydrophobic substrates. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. Srikanth, M., Sandeep, T.S.R.S., Sucharitha, K. et al. Careers. J Environ Chem Eng 3:462473, Seymour RB (1989) Polymer science before and after 1899: notable developments during the lifetime of Maurtis Dekkar. Therefore, it is essential to develop eco-friendly techniques to get rid of this plastic waste accumulation. Geomyces, Mortierellaspecies also involve in degrading polystyrene (Oviedo-Anchundia et al. Several strategies, such as random mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis, genome editing, advanced computational modelling, computational genomics, are the recent strategies to address enzyme engineering. 11,33-37 In contrast to traditional plastics, biodegradable plastics can break down into low molecular weight compounds such as water, methane, and carbon dioxide by bacteria, fungi, and algae. Zampolli J, Orro A, Vezzini D, Di Gennaro P. Microorganisms. The process becomes more effective when photodegradation and thermo-oxidative degradation is followed by biodegradation, because as by photodegradation and thermo-oxidative degradation, the plastic debris will be broken-down from complex to simple material so biodegradation on such material will be easy and does not require much time. PET-hydrolases belong to the cutinases group which also has promising results in the biodegradation of PET. Academic Press, Cambridge. MS designed the study, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. Fungal cutinases ofFusariumandHumicolawere identified for their degradation in PET. 2004). Bioresources and Bioprocessing 2014). They are in the form of solid or foamed, its chemical formula is (C8H8) n. PP is degraded by acetone, chlorinated solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. A degradable drainage board is a vertical drainage made of natural fibre (straw, jute, and coconut) or biodegradable polymeric synthetic materials, which have good engineering properties such as discharge capacity and tensile strength during construction. mSystems 1(3):e00024-e116, Article J Biotechnol 143:207212. Hence, the biological agent utilizes the synthetic polymer as a substrate for. Biotechnol Adv 26:246265, Shang J, Chai M, Zhu Y (2003) Photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene plastic under fluorescent light. Google Scholar, Phua SK, Castillo E, Anderson JM, Hiltner A (1987) Biodegradation of a polyurethane in vitro. Polyethylene is chemically represented as (C2H4) n. PE is a combination of polymers of ethylene with different values of n. They are low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. 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